Range. India to southern China south (not in Borneo) to Australia and New Cal­edonia. In Myanmar, found in Chin, Kachin, Mandalay, and Yangon.

Uses
Leaf: Used as an opium antidote.

Seed: Used as a stimulant.

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Origin:
Sub-Himalayan tract up to 2.000m and South Indian hills.

Action:
Seeds—nervine and brain tonic, diaphoretic, febrifugal, emetic.
Seed-oil—used for treating mental depression, hysteria and for improving memory; also used for scabies, eczema, wounds, rheumatic pains, paralysis. A decoction of seeds is given in gout, rheumatism, paralysis and for treating leprosy and other skin diseases.
Leaves— antidysenteric, emmenagogue.
Root—a paste of root-bark is applied to swollen veins and pneumonic affections.

1) DeFilipps, Robert A.; Krupnick, Gary A. / PhytoKeys, v. 102. - - p. 1 - 314,  2018.

2) Khare, C.P./ Indian Medicinal Plants. -- Nueva Dheli: Springer, 2007 . - p. 836.